Drama, in the context of literature, refers to a genre of writing that is intended to be performed on stage or screen. It is a form of storytelling that relies on dialogue, action, and conflict to convey its narrative. Drama is typically written in the form of a play, which consists of a script containing the dialogue and stage directions for actors, as well as descriptions of settings and other theatrical elements. Drama is the most ‘dependent’ of art forms - director, actor, dialogues, story, actor, dialogues, story, action setting, props, costumes, stage and spectators, all are required to make it happen as a ‘play’. Also consider that the play involves conflict, action, crisis and atmosphere. The same is true of films, too

In drama, the story unfolds through the interactions and conversations of characters, often in a specific setting or situation. Unlike other forms of literature, such as novels or poetry, drama is meant to be performed and witnessed by an audience. It is a collaborative art form that involves actors, directors, and other theatrical professionals who bring the written text to life through their interpretations and creative choices.

Drama encompasses a wide range of themes, styles, and structures. It can be tragic, comedic, historical, or experimental, among other variations. Some well-known examples of dramatic works include William Shakespeare’s plays like ‘Romeo and Juliet’ and ‘Hamlet’ as well as modern plays like Arthur Miller’s ‘Death of a Salesman’ and Tennessee Williams’ ‘A Streetcar Named Desire.’

Drama often explores human emotions, relationships, and societal issues, providing a platform for characters to express their conflicts, desires, and struggles. It can be a powerful medium for addressing complex themes and engaging audiences through its blend of dialogue, action, and visual spectacle.

ASPECTS OF A DRAMA

Several key aspects contribute to the makeup of a drama.

Plot: The plot refers to the sequence of events that unfold in the drama. It typically includes an introduction or exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. The plot structure provides the framework for the story’s development. The plot (Aristotle termed it mythos) in a dramatic or narrative work is constituted by a number of events as these are presented in an order so that specific artistic effects are created. Plot and characters are interdependent.

A plot may have a sub-plot i.e. a second story that is complete and runs parallel to the main plot. The subplot seems to broaden our perspective on the main plot. For example, in Shakespeare’s King Lear, Lear’s story and Gloucester’s story run parallel.

Characters: Characters are the individuals who inhabit the dramatic world. They have distinct personalities, backgrounds, motivations, and relationships with one another. Characters drive the story forward through their actions, dialogue, and conflicts.

According to Aristotle ‘Ethos’ i.e. the moral element, and ‘Dionia’ i.e. the intellectual element are the two basic elements that constitute a character. The main character is called the hero or protagonist; the opponent is the antagonist or villain. A character may remain stable or may undergo a radical change but he should be consistent from beginning to end.

Dialogue: Dialogue is a crucial element in drama. It involves the conversations, speeches, and exchanges between characters, which reveal their thoughts, emotions, and intentions. Dialogue is a primary means of advancing the plot and developing character relationships.

Conflict: Conflict is the driving force of drama. It can arise from various sources, such as opposing goals, values, or external circumstances. Conflict generates tension and drama, propelling the story forward and creating opportunities for character growth and resolution.

Themes: Themes are underlying ideas, concepts, or messages explored in the drama. They can encompass a wide range of subjects, including love, power, identity, justice, or morality. Themes offer deeper insights into the human condition and often invite the audience to reflect on the issues presented.

Setting: The setting establishes the time, place, and environment in which the drama takes place. It can be a specific location, such as a city or a room, or a broader context, like a historical era. The setting influences the atmosphere, mood, and interactions of the characters.

Stage Directions: Stage directions provide instructions for the actors, director, and production team regarding movement, gestures, and actions on stage. They also describe the physical aspects of the setting, props, lighting, and other theatrical elements. Stage directions help bring the script to life in a performance.

Structure and Dramatic Devices: Dramatic structure refers to the organization and arrangement of the various elements in the drama. It can include acts, scenes, monologues, soliloquies, flashbacks, or other devices that shape the storytelling and impact the audience’s experience.

Spectacle: Spectacle encompasses the visual and auditory elements of the drama, including costumes, makeup, set design, lighting, sound effects, and music. Spectacle enhances the overall theatrical experience and can contribute to the atmosphere, emotions, and impact of the performance.

These aspects work together to create a dynamic and engaging dramatic work. However, it's important to note that different dramas may emphasize certain elements to varying degrees, depending on the style, genre, and artistic intentions of the playwright and production team.