‘Gothic’ has a few different meanings depending on the context, but in the literary and artistic sense, it refers to a genre that emerged in the 18th century and is often associated with dark, mysterious, and supernatural themes. It originally referred to the architecture and art style of the Middle Ages, but its usage expanded to encompass literature and other forms of creative expression.

A ‘Gothic novel’ is a specific subgenre of literature that emerged during the Romantic period, typically from the late 18th to the early 19th century. It's characterized by its focus on the mysterious, supernatural, and often macabre elements.

Characteristics of a Gothic novel

1. Setting and Atmosphere: Gothic novels often take place in dark, gloomy, and eerie settings such as castles, mansions, and remote, isolated locations. The atmosphere is crucial to creating a sense of foreboding and mystery.

2. Supernatural Elements: These novels frequently include elements of the supernatural, such as ghosts, monsters, vampires, and other paranormal occurrences. These elements serve to create tension and add a sense of the unknown.

3. Emotions and Psychology: Characters in Gothic novels often experience intense emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. Their psychological states are often explored, and their reactions to the events around them can be extreme.

4. Mystery and Suspense: Gothic novels rely heavily on mysteries and secrets. Characters often uncover hidden truths or long-buried family secrets, driving the plot forward and adding to the sense of intrigue.

5. Melodrama: The emotional intensity of characters and situations in Gothic novels can sometimes border on melodrama, with characters exhibiting extreme emotional reactions.

6. Damsels in Distress: Gothic novels often feature vulnerable female characters who find themselves in dangerous or dire situations, requiring rescue or protection. These characters are sometimes referred to as ‘damsels in distress.’

7. Villains: Gothic novels often include strong and sinister villains who may have dark motives, secret pasts, or connections to the supernatural. These villains can contribute to the sense of danger and mystery.

8. Use of Nature: The natural world in Gothic novels is often used to reflect and amplify the emotions and events of the story. Stormy weather, wild landscapes, and other natural elements can mirror the emotional turmoil of the characters.

9. Exploration of Taboos: Gothic novels sometimes explore taboo subjects such as death, sexuality, and the darker aspects of human nature. This exploration adds depth and complexity to the narrative.

10. Isolation and Madness: Characters in Gothic novels are often isolated from society, both physically and emotionally. This isolation can contribute to a sense of unease and even madness.

Prominent examples of Gothic novels include:

1. ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley (1818): This novel tells the story of Victor Frankenstein, a scientist who creates a sentient creature through an unconventional scientific experiment. The novel explores themes of creation, identity, and the consequences of playing god.

2. ‘Dracula’ by Bram Stoker (1897): One of the most famous vampire stories, ‘Dracula’ follows the attempts of Count Dracula, a centuries-old vampire, to move from Transylvania to England in order to spread the undead curse. The novel is known for its epistolary format and its portrayal of the struggle between good and evil.

3. ‘Wuthering Heights’ by Emily Brontë (1847): This novel is a tale of forbidden love, revenge, and the eerie goings-on at Wuthering Heights, a remote and gloomy estate. The story unfolds through the narratives of two generations, revealing a complex web of relationships and emotions.

4. ‘The Castle of Otranto’ by Horace Walpole (1764): Often considered the first Gothic novel, features a haunted castle, mysterious prophecies, and supernatural occurrences. It set the tone for many of the elements that would become characteristic of the genre.

5. ‘The Mysteries of Udolpho’ by Ann Radcliffe (1794): This novel follows the adventures of Emily St. Aubert as she uncovers dark secrets in the remote and mysterious castle of Udolpho. The novel is known for its elaborate descriptions of landscapes and its emphasis on the psychological experiences of the characters.

These novels showcase the diversity of themes and styles within the Gothic genre, ranging from supernatural horror to psychological exploration, and from tales of romance to examinations of the darker aspects of human nature.